n.
orig. Lothar of Segni
born 1160/61, Gavignano Castle, Campagna di Roma, Papal States
died July 16, 1216, Perugia
Pope (11981216).
Innocent, who was trained in both theology and law, brought the medieval papacy to the height of its prestige and power. He crowned Otto IV as Holy Roman emperor, but Otto's determination to unite Germany and Sicily angered him, and in 1212 he gave his support to the Hohenstaufen candidate, Frederick II . After Innocent excommunicated King John of England for refusing to recognize Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury, John was obliged to submit and to declare England a fief of the Holy See (1213). Innocent launched the Fourth Crusade , which captured Constantinople, and the Albigensian Crusade , which attempted to suppress heresy in southern France. He approved the Mendicant orders founded by St. Dominic and St. Francis of Assisi , and he convoked the fourth Lateran Council , which promulgated the doctrine of transubstantiation and endorsed annual confession for all Christians.