NICHOLAS

n.

Russian Nikolay Nikolayevich

born Nov. 18, 1856, St. Petersburg, Russia

died Jan. 5, 1929, Antibes, France

Russian grand duke.

The nephew of Tsar Alexander II , he entered the imperial army (1872) and served in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). As inspector general of calvary (1895–1905), he introduced reforms in training and equipment. From 1905 he commanded the St. Petersburg military district, and in 1914 he was appointed head of all Russian forces. A popular commander, he led the army to early successes in World War I but was hampered by shortages. Dismissed in 1915 by Nicholas II , he commanded in the Caucasus (1915–17). After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he moved to France, where he led an organization to unite anticommunist Russian émigrés.