n.
Arabic 1E6C; ar 0101; bulus al-Sh 0101; m
Seaport city (pop., 1998 est.: 160,000), northwestern Lebanon.
Founded 0441; 700 BC, it became the capital of a federation of three Phoenician city-states: Sidon , Tyre , and Arvad. It was controlled by the Seleucids and Romans and taken by the Muslims in the mid-7th century AD. Besieged and partially destroyed by crusaders in the early 12th century, it was rebuilt by the later Crusaders (see Crusades ). It was occupied by the Egyptians in the 1830s, the British in 1918, and the British and Free French in 1941. It became part of the Republic of Lebanon in 1946. It has sometimes been a centre of Christian-Muslim conflict during Lebanon's history. It was also the scene of a siege in 1983 by Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) rebels against PLO leader Y 0101; sir Araf 0101; t . It is a major port, a commercial and industrial centre, and a popular beach resort. At the terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq, it is an important oil storage and refining centre.