born Aug. 3, 1901, Zuzela, near 0141; om 017C; a, Pol., Russian Empire
died May 28, 1981, Warsaw, Pol.
Polish cardinal and primate of Poland.
Ordained in 1924, he was assigned to the basilica at W 0142; oc 0142; awek. He founded and directed the Christian Workers University (193539), then joined the Polish resistance in World War II. He was appointed successively bishop of Lublin (1946), primate of Poland (1948), and cardinal (1952). For refusing to consent to communist demands, he was placed under house arrest (195356). After his release, he reached a compromise on church and state matters with W 0142; adys 0142; aw Gomu 0142; ka that avoided a potential Soviet invasion of Poland, and he thereafter maintained the unity of the church in an uneasy coexistence with the communist government. He later lent cautious support to such Polish movements as the Workers' Defense Committee, Solidarity, and Rural Solidarity, which sought greater freedom from the late 1970s onward. A doctrinal conservative, his last major act was to negotiate with the Polish authorities over the visit of Pope John Paul II to Poland in 1979.