in full Muḥammad ibn ʽAbd al-Karīm al-Khaṭṭābī
born 1882, Ajdir, Mor.
died Feb. 6, 1963, Cairo, Egypt
Berber resistance leader against Spanish and French rule in northern Morocco.
He was chief Muslim judge for Morocco's Melilla district. He became disillusioned with Spanish policies and eventually led a resistance movement with his brother. He set up the Republic of the Rif in 1921 and became its president. In 1926 he was forced to surrender when faced by a combined French and Spanish army. Exiled to the island of Réunion, in 1947 he received permission to live in France but took asylum in Egypt while en route. When Morocco became independent (1956), Muhammad V invited him to return, but he refused because of the continued presence of French troops in North Africa.