born Aug. 28, 1894, Graz, Austria
died Aug. 14, 1981, Salzburg
Austrian conductor.
Having risen from rehearsal pianist to chief conductor at the Graz Opera House, he was invited to conduct at the Munich Opera in 1921. As director of the Dresden State Opera (1934–42), he conducted numerous premieres. He had a long association with the Salzburg Festival (from 1938) and was especially admired for his interpretations of the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . His recordings and performances elicited admirable qualities of warmth, subtlety, and lyricism.