born Feb. 17, 1855, Stolp, Pomerania
died Aug. 22, 1929, Munich, Ger.
German general.
He entered the German army in 1874 and rose to lieutenant general. He reorganized the Turkish army and made it an effective fighting force in World War I. In command of the Turkish army at Gallipoli, he and the Turkish commanders forced the Allies to end the Dardanelles Campaign and prevented the seizure of Constantinople.