State (pop., 2001 prelim.: 60,385,118), central India.
It is bordered by the states of Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Maharashtra , and Gujarat . Occupying an area of 119,016 sq mi (308,252 sq km), it is India's second largest state. Its capital is Bhopal . It is the source of some of the most important rivers of India, including the Narmada , the Tapi , the Mahanadi, and the Wainganga. It was part of the Mauryan empire of the 4th–3rd centuries BC and was ruled by numerous other dynasties. Under Islamic control from the 11th century, it was annexed by the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. It was under Maratha rule by 1760 and passed to the British early in the 19th century. The state was formed after India gained its independence in 1947; its boundaries were altered in 1956. In 2000 the eastern portion of the state was made into the new state of Chhattisgarh. Though Madhya Pradesh is rich in mineral resources, its economic mainstay is agriculture.