ACTINOMYCOSIS

a noncontagious bacterial infection of humans and cattle that is caused by two anaerobic species of the genus Actinomyces. The disease is characterized by multiple painful, hard swellings filled with pus, most often seen on the face, neck, chest, and abdomen. Actinomyces bovis is responsible for the disease in cattle and Actinomyces israeli for that in humans. In humans the organism lives chiefly in the mouth and bowel, growing best in the absence of oxygen, and disease is produced by direct invasion of devitalized tissues. Lesions of the neck and face (cervicofacial actinomycosis), notably the jaw, which account for about one-half of all cases, may appear following a wound in the mouth or a tooth extraction, and lesions of the abdomen may follow appendicitis or perforation of the stomach or large intestine. Infection of the lungs and surrounding structures (thoracic actinomycosis) may result from inhalation of the organism into the air passages and is usually associated with weight loss, night sweats, coughing, and high fever. In rare cases the disorder may be disseminated, via the bloodstream, in which case lesions appear in most parts of the body. Treatment is with antibiotics; surgical drainage or excision of accessible lesions are valuable adjuncts.