AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

(AMA), organization of American physicians, the objective of which is to promote the science and art of medicine and the betterment of public health. It was founded in Philadelphia in 1847 by 250 delegates representing more than 40 medical societies and 28 colleges. The AMA includes 54 state or other medical associations; in the late 20th century it had about 250,000 members, or roughly half of all practicing physicians in the United States. Its headquarters are in Chicago. The AMA disseminates health and scientific information to its members and to the public and carries out a broad range of public health education programs via the mass media and lectures. It keeps its members informed of significant medical and health legislation, and it represents its profession before the U.S. Congress and other governmental bodies and agencies, advocating its own views in the process. It helps set standards for medical schools and internship programs, and it tries to detect and alert the public to both quack medical remedies and medical charlatans. In the AMA headquarters office are various departments concerned with a wide variety of medical topics, including geriatrics, maternal and child care, hospital facilities, medical education, nutrition, drugs, insurance plans, scientific exhibits, health in rural areas, mental health, the cost of medical care, the health of industrial workers, and medical publications. Much of the work of the AMA is carried out under the guidance of committees and scientific councils, which collect and analyze data concerning new medical discoveries and therapies. Such bodies include the council on medical education and hospitals (created in 1904), the council on drugs (founded in 1905 as the council on pharmacy and chemistry), the bureau of investigation (which investigates suspected quackery and charlatanry; founded in 1906), the chemical laboratory (1906), and the bureau of health education (1910). Publications of the AMA include the weeklies Journal of the American Medical Association and American Medical News and nine journals issued monthly and devoted to such medical specialties as internal medicine, psychiatry, and diseases of children.