AMPHIOXUS

plural Amphioxi, or Amphioxuses, also called Lancelet, any of certain members of the invertebrate subphylum Cephalochordata of the phylum Chordata. They are small marine animals found widely in the coastal waters of the warmer parts of the world and less commonly in temperate waters. Amphioxi are seldom more than 8 cm (3 inches) long, and in appearance they resemble small, slender fishes without eyes or definite heads. They are grouped in two generaBranchiostoma (also called Amphioxus) and Epigonichthyes (also called Asymmetron)with about two dozen species. The chordate featuresthe notochord (or stiffening rod), gill slits, and dorsal nerve cordappear in both the larval and adult forms. Amphioxi spend much of their time buried in gravel or mud on the ocean bottom, although they are able to swim. When feeding, they let the anterior part of the body project from the surface of the gravel so that they can filter food particles from water passing through their gill slits. At night they often swim about near the bottom. Burrowing is performed by rapid movements of the body, which is tapered at both ends and is covered by a sheath called the cuticle. The animals swim by contracting the muscle blocks, or myotomes, that run from end to end on each side of the body. The blocks on each side are staggered, producing a side-to-side movement of the body when swimming. Amphioxi are not buoyant, and they sink quickly when they stop swimming. A dorsal fin runs along the entire back, becomes a caudal fin around the tip of the tail, and then continues as a ventral fin; there are no paired fins. The notochord runs through the body from tip to tip, providing a central support. A slight bulge distinguishes the anterior end of the nerve cord, but there is no brain. The blood flows forward along the ventral side and backward along the dorsal side, but there is no distinct heart. The oral cavity of amphioxi is furnished with a hood whose edges are lined with cirri; these are fringelike structures that form a coarse filter to screen out particles too large to be consumed. Water is directed through the small mouth into the pharynx by the action of cilia on the gill slits. Food particles in the passing water are caught by the mucous lining of the gill basket and passed into the gut, where they are exposed to the action of enzymes. Unlike other chordates, amphioxi are capable of a digestive process called phagocytosis, in which food particles are enveloped by individual cells. Above the pharynx is the excretory system made up of the nephridia, which opens into an excretory canal leading to the atrium. The endostyle corresponds to the thyroid in vertebrates, since it seems to produce iodinated, tyrosine molecules, which may function as regulatory substances, much like hormones, in amphioxi. Male and female amphioxi are identical in outward appearance and differ internally only in the nature of the gonads, or reproductive glands, which form in rows on the wall of the atrial cavity. Breeding takes place several times a year in tropical regions but only once in temperate areas. Sacs containing eggs or sperm burst and discharge their contents into the water through the atriopore, an opening on the underside of the body. Fertilization takes place in the water, and after about two days larvae develop from the fertilized eggs. The larvae drift with ocean currents until they reach a certain size and metamorphose into adults. The animals then sink to the bottom, to live in the gravel, most commonly at depths of not more than 50 fathoms. Amphioxi are useful in filtering the water, and in areas where they abound the water is usually clean. Along parts of the coast of China, they are so numerous that they constitute the basis of a fishing industry. No fossil has been found that can be definitely classified as an amphioxus, and classification is based wholly on study of living forms.