ARNOLD, THOMAS

born June 13, 1795, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, Eng. died June 12, 1842, Rugby, Warwickshire educator who, as headmaster of Rugby School, had much influence on public school education in England. He was the father of the poet and critic Matthew Arnold. Thomas Arnold was educated at Winchester and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was elected a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, in 1815. After ordination and marriage he settled at Laleham, Middlesex, in 1819 as a tutor to university entrants. In 1828 he became headmaster of Rugby and gradually raised it to the rank of a great public school. Arnold was not an innovator in teaching method; his aim was to reform Rugby by making it a school for gentlemen. He used prefects more fully than any previous headmaster. Under the prefect system the older boys served as house monitors to keep discipline among the younger boys; this system was adopted in most English secondary schools. The Arnold tradition spread to other schools through Rugby pupils and masters, and many schools established after Arnold's death were modeled on Rugby. Arnold was the author of five volumes of sermons, an edition of Thucydides, and a three-volume history of Rome. Additional reading Biographies include Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, 2 vol. (1840, reprinted 1978); and Joshua Fitch, Thomas and Matthew Arnold and Their Influence on English Education (1897). A sketch of Arnold is included in Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians (1918, reissued 1989).