BANER, JOHAN

born July 3 [June 23, Old Style], 1596, Djursholm Castle, Sweden died May 20 , 1641, Halberstadt, Magdeburg Swedish field marshal who was one of the foremost soldiers in the Thirty Years' War. His father, Gustaf Banr, a member of the King's Council, was executed in 1600 after Charles IX's defeat of Sigismund III of Poland in their struggle for the Swedish throne. Entering the Swedish army in 1615, Johan Banr was greatly influenced by the military ideas of the young king Gustavus Adolphus: he served with distinction in Russia, Livonia, Poland, and Germany and early attained the rank of general. In 1634 he was appointed field marshal, with command of an army corps in Silesia and Bohemia; and, after the main Swedish army had been crushed at the Battle of Nrdlingen that year, he was asked to take command of all Swedish forces in Germany. In 1636 his great victory over Saxon and imperial forces at the Battle of Wittstock restored both Sweden's morale and (for a time) its paramount influence in central Germany. In 1637, hard pressed by the enemy's armies and almost surrounded, he made a strategic retreat into northern Germany that provoked the contemporary comment that the enemy had put him in the sack but had forgotten to tie it. By the end of 1638, however, Banr had collected reinforcements, with which he began a new offensive toward central and southern Germany. At Chemnitz (April 1639), he defeated the imperial forces. Reinforced by French troops, he advanced toward southern Germany during the summer and autumn of 1640 but could not force the enemy to a battle. After a dangerous march through Bohemia in the winter, he died at Halberstadt of a pulmonary disease contracted during the winter campaign.