BARCAROLE

also spelled Barcarolle (from Italian barcarola, boatman, or gondolier), originally a Venetian gondolier's song typified by gently rocking rhythms in 6/8 or 12/8 time. In the 18th and 19th centuries the barcarole inspired a considerable number of vocal and instrumental compositions, ranging from opera arias to character pieces for piano. The term surfaced as early as 1710, when the French composer Andr Campra included a Fte des barquerolles in a stage work (Les Ftes vnitiennes, 1710). Subsequently, operas by Giovanni Paisiello, Carl Maria von Weber, Daniel-Franois-Esprit Auber, Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, and Johann Strauss, among others, featured barcaroles. Without question, the most famous operatic specimen is the Barcarolle from Jacques Offenbach's Tales of Hoffmann. Chopin's Barcarolle, Opus 60, is possibly the best known of the 19th-century compositions, although other 19th-century composers from Mendelssohn to Liszt and Gabriel Faur contributed a host of similar pieces. Barcaroles for various performance media were written by Franz Schubert (voice and piano), Johannes Brahms (women's chorus), and Sir William Sterndale Bennett (piano and orchestra).