BARNACLE

also called Cirripede any of a majority of the 1,000 species of marine crustaceans of the subclass Cirripedia. Adults of cirripedes other than barnacles are internal parasites of crabs, jellyfish, starfish, and some other marine invertebrates. They have no popular name. As adults, typical barnacles are covered with calcareous plates and are cemented, head down, to rocks, pilings, ships' hulls, driftwood, or seaweed, or to the bodies of larger sea creatures, from clams to whales. They trap tiny particles of food by means of cirrifeathery retractile organs formed by metamorphosis of certain of their legs. Adult cirripedes commonly are hermaphrodites (having male and female reproductive organs in the same individual). Hermaphroditic forms sometimes have a minute, virtually formless complemental male attached to them; in the few species with separate sexes, a similar male is attached to a much larger, fully formed female. Cross-fertilization is usual, but self-fertilization does occur. The eggs mature within the mantle cavity, and the larvae emerge as free-swimming forms called nauplii, as in other crustacean subclasses. In typical barnacles about six naupliar stages precede formation of the cypristhe subadult, which has a bivalved shell of chitin (a hard protein substance), cement glands on the antennules (first antennae), and cirri. The cypris changes into an adult by body rotation and starts to produce shell plates. Typical barnacles (order Thoracica) have six pairs of cirri and more or less complete shells. Pedunculate (stalked) forms include the common goose barnacle (genus Lepas), found worldwide on driftwood. Acorn barnacles, also called rock barnacles, are sessile (not stalked); their symmetrical shells tend to be barrellike or broadly conical. This group includes Balanus, responsible for much of the fouling of ships and harbour structures. Wart barnacles, such as Verruca, have asymmetrical shells. Burrowing barnacles (order Acrothoracica) are small, unisexual forms that lack shells and have fewer than six pairs of cirri. They burrow into hard limy material, such as clam shells and coral. Trypetesa is found only inside the snail shells worn by hermit crabs. Parasitic cirripedes of the order Rhizocephala, such as Sacculina, lack appendages, shell, and gut and resemble fungi. They parasitize decapod crustaceans (crabs and allies) by sending rootlike absorptive processes through the host's body; this intrusion inhibits the host's reproductive development (parasitic castration). Parasites of the order Ascothoracica, the most primitive of cirripedes, are cyprislike as adults. An example is Laura, found imbedded in cnidarians and echinoderms.