BERGMAN, HJALMAR FREDRIK ELGRUS

born Nov. 19, 1883, rebro, Swed. died Jan. 1, 1931, Berlin Swedish dramatist, novelist, and short-story writer, who was notable for his intense interest in psychological complexities. The son of a wealthy banker, Bergman was brought up in conventional middle-class ease with no notice taken of his extreme sensibility and imaginative powers. In his early teens his father, who had hitherto despised him, became aware of his precocious talents, and the shy, awkward, but observant boy became the object of an overpowering and domineering affection. At this period he accompanied his father on business trips to Bergslagen, the mining district outside rebro, which was to form the background of many of his books. During 190001 Bergman studied at Uppsala University. From 1901 to 1908 he travelled in Europe, especially in Italy: Florence became his favourite city. Delicate nerves and the threat of blindness made his life difficult. In 1908 he married Stina, the daughter of the actor-producer August Lindberg, and she became his defense against the world. They settled first in Lindesberg, then for a time in Rome. For the rest of his life, except during World War I, Bergman led a restless and curiously isolated existence between Sweden and other parts of Europe. His first play, Maria, Jesu moder (1905), owes much to the literary ideas of the 1890s, but shows an original approach to the psychology of Christ and the Virgin Mary. His other early plays reveal the influence of Ibsen. His most original contribution to drama was Marionettspel (1917; Plays of Marionettes), reflecting the same pessimism as his later novels. His first popular novel Hans Nds testamente (1910; His Grace's Will) was set in Bergslagen, and portrayed the eccentric Baron Roger and his valet Vickberg in richly comic scenes. Beneath the humour, however, there are undertones of tragedy, as is characteristic, too, of his later works. A collection of short stories Amourer (1910), mostly set in Italy, displays his subtle understanding of the irrational as a decisive factor in human behaviour. Bergman produced a series of novels and long short stories, starting with Vi Bookar, Krokar och Rothar (1912) and ending with En dds memoarer (1918; Memoirs of One Dead). These were mainly concerned with Bergslagen, from early times, and with the fortunes and complicated feuds of certain families and characters. His amazing memory and powers of observation enabled Bergman to create out of his own experiences and out of oral traditions, a grotesque, fantastic, sombre, and yet moving world that was peculiarly his own, despite its real-life setting. His work was appreciated by a discriminating few, until with Markurells i Wadkping (1919; God's Orchid, 1924) he at last captured the wider public. The action of this vigorous comic novel takes place, with numerous recapitulations, within a 24-hour period. It tells the story of the grotesque innkeeper Markurell, who, although he has succeeded in getting most of the inhabitants of the town of Wadkping in his power, shows mercy, out of love for his only son Johan, whose real father proves to be the innkeeper's chief enemy. The novel is written ironically, but a sense of tragedy permeates it. Bergman followed this with other successes, including Farmor och vr Herre (1921; Thy Rod and Thy Staff, 1937) and Chefen Fru Ingeborg (1924; The Head of the Firm, 1936), and Clownen Jac (1930; The Clown Jac). His play Swedenhielms (1925) is among the few living Swedish comedies and his dramatization of Markurells also has remained popular. Four of his plays (Markurells of Wadkoping, The Baron's Will, Swedenhielms, and Mr. Sleeman Is Coming) were published in English translation in 1968. He also wrote radio and film scripts. Fundamentally a pessimist, Bergman felt for all the weaknesses of man with an understanding pity irradiated by humour.