CARICATURE AND CARTOON

in graphic art, comically distorted drawing or likeness, done with the purpose of satirizing or ridiculing its subject. Cartoons are used today primarily for conveying political commentary and editorial opinion in newspapers and for social comedy and visual wit in magazines. Additional reading British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings, Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, from 1320 to date of compilation by Frederic G. Stephens and Mary D. George, 11 vol. in 12 (18701954); Mary D. George, English Political Caricature: A Study of Opinion and Propaganda, 2 vol. (1959); champfleury (Jules Fleury), Histoire de la caricature antique, 3rd ed. (1879), Histoire de la caricature au moyen-ge et sous la renaissance, 2nd ed. (1875), Histoire de la caricature sous la rpublique, l'empire et la restauration, 2nd ed. (1877), Histoire de la caricature sous la rforme et la ligue: Louis XIII Louis XVI (1880), and Histoire de la caricature moderne, 3rd ed. (1885); Marion H. Spielmann, The History of Punch (1895, reprinted 1969); Eduard Fuchs, Die Karikatur der europischen Vlker, 4th rev. ed., 2 vol. (190321), a rather Marxian view; Charles R. Ashbee, Caricature (1928); Ernst H.J. Gombrich and Ernst Kris, Caricature (1940), which goes to the psychological root of the matter, and The Principles of Caricature, in Ernst Kris, Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art, pp. 189203 (1952, reprinted 1964); Werner Hofmann, Caricature from Leonardo to Picasso (1957; originally published in German, 1956), a purely European view; William Murrell, A History of American Graphic Humor, 2 vol. (193338, reprinted 1967); Allan Nevins and Frank Weitenkampf, A Century of Political Cartoons: Caricature in the United States from 1800 to 1900 (1944, reprinted 1975); David Low, Years of Wrath: A Cartoon History, 19311945, with a chronology and text by Quincy Howe (1946), Low's Cartoon History, 19451953 (1953), and The Tearful Fifties: A History of the Decade (1960); James Parton, Caricature and Other Comic Art in All Times and Many Lands (1878, reprinted 1969); William G. Rogers, Mightier Than the Sword: Cartoon, Caricature, Social Comment (1969); Thomas Wright, A History of Caricature and Grotesque in Literature and Art (1865, reprinted 1968); Ralph E. Shikes, The Indignant Eye: The Artist As Social Critic in Prints and Drawings from the Fifteenth Century to Picasso (1969, reprinted 1976); Bevis Hillier, Cartoons and Caricatures (1970). Ashbee, Hofmann, and Murrell have ample bibliographies. There have been numerous reprints of cartoons. See also Einar Nerman, Caricature (1946); John Hohenberg (ed.), The Pulitzer Prize Story II: Award-Winning News Stories, Columns, Editorials, Cartoons, and News Pictures, 19591980 (1980); Richard Hedman, Stop Me Before I Plan Again (1977, reprinted 1981), political cartoons on city government; Roy T. Matthews and Peter Mellini, In Vanity Fair (1982), a history of the 19th-century British magazine. Winslow Ames