CAVALRY

military force mounted on horseback, formerly an important element in the armies of all major powers. When employed as part of a combined military formation, its main duties included observing and reporting information about the enemy, screening movements of its own force, pursuing and demoralizing a defeated enemy, maintaining a constant threat to an enemy's rear area, striking suddenly at detected weak points, turning exposed flanks, and exploiting a penetration or breakthrough. During the latter part of the 19th century, largely as a result of the introduction of repeating rifles and machine guns, cavalry lost much of its former value. By the time of World War I, a cavalry charge against a line of entrenched troops armed with rapid-firing small arms was suicidal. Cavalry organizations soon abandoned horses for armoured fighting vehicles and became known as mechanized cavalry or armoured cavalry, but even the name was eventually dropped. By the 1950s there were no horse-mounted cavalry units in either the U.S. or British armies. In the early 1960s the United States converted its 1st Cavalry Division to an air mobile division, with helicopters and air-portable weapons and vehicles. The division saw extensive service in Vietnam.