CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP

the study, in all its aspects, of ancient Greece and Rome. In continental Europe the field is known as classical philology, but the use, in some circles, of philology to denote the study of language and literaturethe result of abbreviating the 19th-century comparative philologyhas lent an unfortunate ambiguity to the term. During the 19th century, Germans evolved the concept of Altertumswissenschaft (science of antiquity) to emphasize the unity of the various disciplines of which the study of the ancient world consists. Broadly speaking, the province of classical scholarship is in time the period between the 2nd millennium BC and AD 500 and in space the area covered by the conquests and spheres of influence of Greece and Rome at their widest extent. This article surveys the history of classical scholarship thus defined from antiquity until the late 20th century. Additional reading John Edwin Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, 3 vol. (190308, reissued 1967), while not a critical study, is useful for factual information. Rudolf Pfeiffer, History of Classical Scholarship from the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age (1968), is a masterly critical survey, and History of Classical Scholarship from 1300 to 1850 (1976), contains much valuable material but is uneven and lacks adequate treatment of the important 19th-century period. The best brief survey is U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, History of Classical Scholarship (1982; originally published in German, 1921). A history of classical scholarship in antiquity is found in James E.G. Zetzel, Latin Textual Criticism in Antiquity (1981, reprinted 1984). For a discussion of the transmission of Greek and Latin literature, see L.D. Reynolds and N.G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars, 2nd rev. ed. (1974); and L.D. Reynolds (ed.), Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics (1983). N.G. Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium (1983), chronicles the history of Byzantine scholarship. Roberto Weiss, Medieval and Humanist Greek (1977), is a collection of essays detailing the use of the Greek language in the Latin Middle Ages. Weiss also covers a later age in The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (1969, reissued 1973). Anthony Grafton, Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship, vol. 1, Textual Criticism and Exegesis (1983), presents a biography of the 16th-century French classicist. For English scholarship, see C.O. Brink, English Classical Scholarship: Historical Reflections on Bentley, Porson and Housman (1985); and M.L. Clarke, Greek Studies in England, 17001830 (1945). On the history of Greek vase painting, see R.M. Cook, Greek Painted Pottery, 2nd ed. (1972). On the history of papyrology, see E.G. Turner, Greek Papyri: An Introduction (1968, reissued 1980). E.J. Kenney, The Classical Text: Aspects of Editing in the Age of the Printed Book (1974); and Sebastiano Timpanaro, La genesi del metodo del Lachmann, new rev. ed. (1981), treat the development of textual criticism. For a discussion of classical influences in the 19th and 20th centuries, see Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Blood for the Ghosts (1983), and Classical Survivals: The Classics in the Modern World (1982). In general see the collections of essays by Arnaldo Momigliano, many in English: vol. 1 appeared as Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (1955, reprinted 1979), and the most recent addition appeared as vol. 7, Settimo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico (1984). Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones