COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME

(UTC), international basis of civil and scientific time, implemented in 1964. UTC is widely broadcast by precisely coordinated radio signals; these radio time signals ultimately furnish the basis for the setting of all public and private clocks. Since Jan. 1, 1972, UTC has been obtained from atomic clocks. The unit of UTC is the atomic (SI) second. UTC serves to coordinate the timekeeping differences that arise between atomic time (which is derived from atomic clocks) and solar time (which is derived from astronomical measurements of the Earth's rotation on its axis relative to the Sun). UTC is thus kept within an exact number of seconds of International Atomic Time and is also kept within 0.9 second of the solar time denoted UT1 ( see Universal Time). Due to the irregular slowing of the Earth's rate of rotation by tidal friction and other forces, there is now about one more (atomic clock-derived) SI second in a solar year than there are UT1 seconds. To remedy this discrepancy, UTC is kept within 0.9 s of UT1 by adding a leap second to UTC as needed; the last minute of December or June is made to contain 61 seconds. The slowing of the Earth's rotation varies irregularly, and so the number of leap seconds by which UTC must be retarded to keep it in epoch with UT1 cannot be predicted years in advance. Impending leap seconds for UTC are announced at least eight weeks in advance by the Paris Observatory, however.