CRICHTON, JAMES

born August 1560, Eliock House, Dumfries, Scot. died July 1582, Mantua, Mantua orator, linguist, debater, man of letters, and scholar commonly called the Admirable Crichton. Although many considered him to be a model of the cultured Scottish gentleman, others doubted the very existence of an individual of such achievements. From his parents, Robert Crichton, a public official, and Elizabeth Stewart of the house of Beith, Crichton claimed royal descent. After receiving an M.A. from the University of St. Andrews in one year (1575) instead of the usual two, he went to Paris, where he seems to have distinguished himself at the Collge de Navarre. A handbill printed in Venice in 1580 attributed to him excellence in every form of athletics, skill in arms and horsemanship, mastery of 10 languages, encyclopaedic familiarity with Scholastic and Christian philosophy, and a remarkable ability to debate on any subject proposed. His first known activity in Europe was his oration of July 1579 in the ducal palace at Genoa. The next year he presented himself to the Venetian printer Aldus Manutius, probably the author of the handbill. Manutius introduced him to leading local Humanists, who were greatly impressed by his accomplishments. At Padua in 1581 Crichton enhanced his reputation in two debates, and Manutius paid tribute to his successes in his dedication for his own edition of Paradoxa (1581) by the Roman author Cicero. The next year Crichton entered the service of the Duke of Mantua but was slain there at the instigation, and probably at the hand, of the young prince Vincenzo Gonzaga, whose jealousy he had aroused. Despite the achievements of his short life, the picture of Crichton painted by Sir Thomas Urquhart in The Discovery of a Most Exquisite Jewel (1652) is probably exaggerated. Published letters suggest that constant indebtedness was among several of Crichton's weaknesses. He did, however, merit the term admirable, first applied to him in 1603 in John Johnston's Heroes Scotici, for his knowledge of philosophy, his memory, his linguistic skill, and his ability to debate. Additional reading Biographies include Patrick Fraser Tytler, Life of the Admirable Crichton, 2nd ed., corrected and enlarged (1823); and Douglas Crichton, The Admirable Crichton (1909, reissued 1988).