DIXON, JOSEPH

born Jan. 18, 1799, Marblehead, Mass., U.S. died June 15, 1869, Jersey City, N.J. American inventor and manufacturer who pioneered in the industrial use of graphite. Originally a printer and lithographer, Dixon discovered in experiments with typecasting that graphite crucibles withstood high temperatures. In 1827 he began the manufacture of lead pencils, stove polish, and lubricants in Salem, Mass., later moving his business to Jersey City, N.J. In 1850 he secured patents on graphite crucibles for making steel and pottery. He also developed a process for using graphite to grind lenses. In addition to his inventions using graphite, Dixon also experimented with photography and photolithography and, in collaboration with Francis Peabody, devised a technique for printing bank notes in colour to prevent counterfeiting. His other inventions included a process for printing calico in fast colours, a wood-planing machine for shaping pencils, and a galvanic battery.