DONNELLY, IGNATIUS

born Nov. 3, 1831, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. died Jan. 1, 1901, Minneapolis, Minn. American novelist, orator, and social reformer, one of the leading advocates of the theory that Francis Bacon was the author of William Shakespeare's plays. Donnelly grew up in Philadelphia, where he became a lawyer. In 1856 he moved to Minnesota, where, with another ex-Philadelphian, John Nininger, he founded the boomtown Nininger City, intended as a cultural as well as an industrial centre. There he edited the erudite Emigrant Aid Journal, published in both English and German, to attract settlers. The scheme was successful at first, but a financial panic in 1857 caused abandonment of the town, leaving Donnelly as its only resident. He entered politics, became an early supporter of the Republican Party, and served as lieutenant governor of Minnesota and as a U.S. congressman from 1863 to 1869. He left the Republicans in the 1870s and was active in several minority-party movements representing the interests of small farmers and workmen. Returning to Nininger City, he edited a liberal weekly, the Anti-Monopolist, in which he attacked bankers and financiers, whom he regarded as public enemies. Donnelly's first and most popular book was Atlantis (1882), which traced the origin of civilization to the legendary submerged continent of Atlantis. It was followed in 1883 by another work of speculation, Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel, which attempted to relate certain gravel and till deposits to an ancient near-collision of the Earth and a huge comet. In The Great Cryptogram (1888) and The Cipher in the Plays and on the Tombstone (1899), he attempted to prove that Bacon was the author of the plays attributed to Shakespeare by deciphering a code he discovered in Shakespeare's works. His deciphering also led him to ascribe the plays of Christopher Marlowe and the essays of Michel de Montaigne to Bacon. Donnelly's utopian novel Caesar's Column (1891), which predicted such developments as radio, television, and poison gas, portrays the United States in 1988 ruled by a ruthless financial oligarchy and peopled by an abject working class. It enhanced Donnelly's reputation with the Populist Party, which represented the discontented farmers of the West and which he helped found in 1892. At the time of his death, he was vice presidential candidate of a splinter party, the Middle Road Populists.