EALING

outer borough of London, part of the historic county of Middlesex, midway between central London and the western periphery. The borough was established in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former municipal boroughs of Ealing, Acton, and Southall, all in the former county of Middlesex. It includes the districts and neighbourhoods of (from west to east) West End, Northolt, Southall, Greenford, Perivale, Hanwell, Brentham, Northfields, Ealing, Acton, and East Acton. Ealing's name derives from the Saxon place-name Gillingas. In a 12th-century chronicle it was recorded as a village, with church and priest, in the great forest that lay to the west of London. As London grew, the locality of Ealing developed into a market gardening community and then into a spacious residential area. Perivale, Southall, and Northolt have parish churches dating from the Middle Ages. Pitshanger Manor (1770; now a museum) was owned by Sir John Soane in the early 1800s. Hanwell has a railway viaduct built in 1838 by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. In 1231 Walter de Actune sold land in Acton to St. Paul's Cathedral. In late 1642, after the Battle of Edgehill, defense forces at Acton, Brentford, and Turnham Green (at the present Ealing-Hounslow border) barred the access of Charles I's forces to London. Acton became a popular health resort in Queen Anne's reign (170214); notable residents have included the novelist Henry Fielding, the actor David Garrick, and the Rothschild financial dynasty. Bedford Park, founded in 1875, was the first English garden community. South Acton earned the byname Soapsuds Island because of its many laundries. The district of Southall has many Anglo-Saxon place-names such as Elthorne and Waxlow. Its earliest record, from 830 CE, is of Warberdus bequeathing Norwood Manor and Southall Manor to the archbishops of Canterbury. Built in the early 19th century as an insane asylum, St. Bernard's Hospital in Southall was the site of much pioneering work in the treatment of mental illness. The Martin brothers, famed for their pottery, lived and worked in the district from the 1870s to the 1920s. The markets granted Southall by William III still survive. Ealing borough now has numerous retail shops and factories for consumer goods. More than one-tenth of the borough's land area is public open space in such parks as Elthorne, Pitshanger, Walpole, and Lammas. Ethnic minorities account for about one-third of the borough's population. From the 1950s South Asians (primarily Punjab Sikhs) were attracted to the Southall area, and their restaurants, social organizations, movie theatres, newspapers, and temples are well established. There also are ethnic groups originating from the Commonwealth nations of the Caribbean. Area 22 square miles (56 square km). Pop. (1998 est.) 302,100.