ERYTHROCYTE

also called red blood cell, or red corpuscle, component of blood, millions of which in the circulation of vertebrates give the blood its characteristic colour and carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The mature human erythrocyte is small, round, and biconcave; it appears dumbbell-shaped in profile. The cell is flexible and assumes a bell shape as it passes through extremely small blood vessels. It is covered with a membrane composed of lipids and proteins, lacks a nucleus, but contains hemoglobina red, iron-rich protein that binds oxygen. The function of the red cell and its contained hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs or gills to all the body tissues and to carry carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, back to the lungs, where it is excreted. In invertebrates, oxygen-carrying pigment is carried free in the plasma; its concentration in corpuscles in vertebrates, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged as gases, is more efficient and represents an important evolutionary development. The mammalian erythrocyte is further adapted by lacking a nucleusthe amount of oxygen required by the cell for its own metabolism is thus very low, and most oxygen carried can be freed into the tissues. The biconcave shape of the cell allows oxygen exchange at a constant rate over the largest possible area. The erythrocyte develops in bone marrow in several stages: from a multipotential cell in the mesenchyme, a hemocytoblast, it becomes an erythroblast (normoblast); during two to five days of development, the erythroblast gradually fills with hemoglobin, and its nucleus and mitochondria (particles in the cytoplasm that provide energy for the cell) disappear. In a late stage the cell is called a reticulocyte, which ultimately becomes a fully mature erythrocyte. The average red cell in humans lives 100120 days; there are some 5.2 million red cells per cubic millimetre of blood in the adult human. Though red cells are usually round, a small proportion are oval in the normal person, and in certain hereditary states a higher proportion may be oval. Some diseases also display red cells of abnormal shapee.g., oval in pernicious anemia, crescent-shaped in sickle-cell anemia, and with projections giving a thorny appearance in the hereditary disorder acanthocytosis. The number of red cells and the amount of hemoglobin vary among different individuals and under different conditions; the number is higher, for example, at high altitudes and in the disease polycythemia. At birth the red cell count is high; it falls shortly after birth and gradually rises to the adult level at puberty. Red cells are formed continuously by the body, mostly in the bone marrow in the adult, and are stored in the spleen.