EUTHYMIUS THE GREAT, SAINT

born 377, Melitene, Armenia died Jan. 20, 473, Palestinian desert, northeast of Jerusalem; feast day January 20 ascetic and one of the great fathers of Eastern Orthodox monasticism, who established religious communities throughout Palestine. Orphaned in his youth, Euthymius was educated and later ordained priest by Bishop Otreus of Melitene. He was charged with the spiritual care of the ascetics and monasteries of the city, but in 406 he left for Palestine in search of solitude. Joining the monastery of Pharan, near Jerusalem, he befriended St. Theoctistus, and about 411 they retired to a cave in the wilderness beyond Jerusalem. On being joined by others, they established a cenobitic (communal) monastery, or laura, that integrated contemplative life with other liturgical and intellectual projects and work done in common. Entrusting the new foundation to Theoctistus, Euthymius moved on with a small band and set up similar communities, one on the west bank of the Dead Sea, another farther west in the desert of Ziph, and a larger community northeast of Jerusalem, toward Jericho. This last foundation was named after Euthymius, and its church was dedicated by Bishop Juvenal of Jerusalem in 429. By his moral example Euthymius converted many nomad Saracens to the Orthodox Church and instituted the parembolai (Greek: accompanying ministry) to supply pastoral care in their camps. He was often consulted on theological questions by the Eastern bishops and participated in formulating the decrees of the Council of Ephesus (431) against the Nestorian heresy (an emphasis on the independence of the divine and human natures of Christ). He also contributed to the Council of Chalcedon (451) in refuting the heretical Monophysites, who held that Christ comprised only one nature, a divine essence that subsumed his humanity. Euthymius is credited with disseminating orthodox Christological doctrine throughout Palestinian monasticism, overcoming defamations by his theological adversaries. By his influence the Byzantine empress Eudoxia became convinced that Monophysitism was in error and withdrew support from its chief proponent, Abbot Eutyches of Constantinople.