FALKENHAYN, ERICH (GEORG ANTON SEBASTIAN) VON

born Nov. 11, 1861, near Graudenz, West Prussia died April 8, 1922, near Potsdam, Ger. Prussian minister of war and chief of the imperial German General Staff early in World War I. Falkenhayn gained military experience as an instructor to the Chinese Army and as a member of the Prussian General Staff in the international expedition of 1900 against the Boxers in China. From July 1913 to January 1915 he was Prussian minister of war, in which office he was responsible for the armament and equipment of the German Army. He ignored some recommendations of Gen. Helmuth von Moltke, chief of the General Staff, who for that reason considered him responsible for the army's failure in France in 1914. On Sept. 14, 1914, after the German retreat from the Marne, William II chose Falkenhayn as Moltke's successor. Falkenhayn was convinced that the war had to be won in France, chiefly by Germany's standing on the defensive and exhausting her enemies. He seems to have had little interest in defeating Russia; thus he opposed the plan of Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and Gen. Erich Ludendorff for an eastern offensive, and, after the Emperor had permitted an offensive to begin on Feb. 7, 1915, Falkenhayn declined to provide adequate reinforcements. Within Germany he greatly improved the system of munitions supply and transportation of troops by rail. On Aug. 29, 1916, following the long and unsuccessful German assault on the French fortress-city Verdun, Falkenhayn was dismissed as chief of the General Staff by the Emperor in favour of the more aggressive Hindenburg. After leading a German army against Romania for 10 months, Falkenhayn took command of the Central Powers forces (mainly Turkish) in Palestine (July 9, 1917). There he was unable to stop the advance of the British under Gen. Edmund Allenby. Having been succeeded in Palestine by Gen. Otto Liman von Sanders, Falkenhayn commanded an army in Lithuania from March 4, 1918, until the end of the war.