GAGAKU

(Japanese), Korean a-ak ancient court music. The name is a Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters for elegant music (ya yueh). Such music first appeared in Japan as an import from Korea in the 5th century and had become an established court tradition by the 8th century. The various forms of North Asian, Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, and indigenous Japanese music were organized in the 9th century into two major categories: togaku, the so-called music of the left, included Chinese and Indian materials; and komagaku, the music of the right, contained the rest. The flute and main drum of the two ensembles differ, and komagaku does not use strings. Purely instrumental performances of gagaku are called kangen (flutes and strings), while dances and their accompaniment are called bugaku. Various forms of Shinto ritual or ancient vocal music also survive. The solo music for the instruments of gagaku has been lost, although some notations survive. The mnemonic nature of the notation and the rote methods of teaching the music make it difficult to reconstruct such lost traditions as well as to evaluate the present performance practice of existing ensemble music. Nevertheless, the very continuance of such ancient forms through all the vicissitudes of history gives extremely rare living insights into the probable nature of music and cultural life in East Asia 1,000 years ago. Gagaku and Korean a-ak not only provide information about traditional national musical forms but also are the major sources for clues concerning the music of China's brilliant T'ang dynasty period (618907).