GAZANKULU

also called Machanganaland, or Matshangana-tsonga, former nonindependent black state, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa, designated for the Shangaan and Tsonga people. It was made up of four detached portions of low veld, two of which adjoined Kruger National Park. The Tsonga people, the traditional inhabitants of the area, were joined by 19th-century Shangaan migrants from what is now Mozambique, culminating in a final wave of refugees after the Gaza kingdom (ruled by the Shangaan chief, Gungunhana) was conquered by the Portuguese in 1898. Gazankulu had a territorial assembly from 1962 until 1972, when a legislative assembly was created. The state became officially self-governing in 1973 and held an election the same year. The capital was Giyani, in the northern detached portion of the state. When the new constitution of South Africa abolished apartheid, Gazankulu became part of the new Northern province in 1994.