GUINEA, GULF OF

part of the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean off the western African coast, extending from Cap Lpez, near the equator, to Cape Palmas at 7 west. Its major tributaries include the Casamance, Volta, and Niger rivers. The coastline of the Gulf of Guinea forms part of the western edge of the African tectonic plate and corresponds remarkably to the continental margin of South America running from Brazil to the Guianas. The coincidence between the geology and the geomorphology of these two coastlines constitutes one of the clearest confirmations of the theory of continental drift. The continental shelf of the Gulf of Guinea is almost uniformly narrow and widens to as much as 100 miles (160 km) only from Sierra Leone to the Bijags Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau, and in the Bight of Biafra. The Niger River has built a great delta of Holocene (less than 10,000-year-old) mudsand it is only here that the fit between the African and South American tectonic plates is seriously disturbed. The only active volcanic region is the island arc aligned with Mount Cameroon (13,353 feet ) on the coast of the Cameroon Republic; the islands of this arc (Bioko [Fernando Po], Prncipe, So Tom, and Annobn) extend 450 miles (724 km) offshore to the southwest. The entire northern coast of the Gulf is washed by the eastward flow of the Guinea Current, which extends 250300 miles (400480 km) offshore from Senegal to the Bight of Biafra. The Gulf's tropical water is separated from the equatorward flow of the cool Benguela and Canary currents by sharp frontal regions off the Congo and Senegal rivers, respectively. The Benguela Current, as it swings westward, forms the South Equatorial Current to the south of, and running counter to, the Guinea Current. The warm tropical water of the Gulf of Guinea is of relatively low salinity because of river effluents and high rainfall along the coast. This warm water is separated from deeper, more saline, and colder water by a shallow thermocline, i.e., a layer of water between upper and lower levels, that lies usually less than 30 m (100 feet) deep. Coastal upwelling, and hence a rich production of plant and animal life, occurs seasonally and locally off Senegal and the Congo and off the central Gulf coasts of Ghana and Cte d'Ivoire. The variety of the marine flora and fauna of the Gulf of Guinea is limited when compared with that of the western tropical Atlantic and, especially, with the Indo-Pacific biogeographic realm. This relative biological poverty results from (1) a lack of coral-reef ecosystems because of low salinity and the high turbidity of Guinea Current water, and (2) the climatic regression to cool conditions during the Miocene epoch (23.7 million to 5.3 million years ago), during which far fewer refuges for tropical species of animals and plants were available in the Atlantic than in the Indo-Pacific region. Because most of the coast is low-lying, is without natural harbours, and is largely separated from the dry land of the interior by a belt of muddy mangrove-infested creeks and lagoons, the African coastal peoples have usually not taken easily to seafaring on the Gulf. Groups located in Senegal and Ghana, where the coast is less irregular and coastal fisheries are relatively productive, form an exception. The Gulf's natural resources include offshore oil deposits and metal ore deposits within the continental shelf.