HONDA TOSHIAKI

born 1744, Echigo province, Japan died Jan. 14, 1822, Edo [now Tokyo] one of the first Japanese scholars to undertake a thorough investigation of Western thought and customs and to advocate the adoption by Japan of many Western techniques and ideas. A well-known mathematician, with his own school at the age of 24, Honda began his study of the Dutch language to acquaint himself with Western mathematics. (The Dutch at that time were the only Westerners with whom the Japanese had contact.) His interest in Dutch books soon began to extend beyond mathematics to astronomy and navigation, subjects he investigated even further by piloting his own ship to the northernmost Japanese island of Hokkaido in 1801. He also became interested in economics, and his statistical studies of the Japanese economy led him to the same conclusion about the fixed relation of population growth and food supply as that of his English contemporary, the demographer Thomas Malthus. Honda's knowledge of Western subjects led him to advocate the end of Japanese isolation, the development of foreign trade, the improvement of coastal defenses, and the imperial expansion of Japan, particularly to the north. He also hoped that foreign gunpowder could be used to blast new shipping channels and thus improve internal transportation and communications in Japan. He even proposed moving the Japanese capital to the same latitude as London to help make Japan the England of the East, and he suggested abolishing the use of Chinese characters and adopting the simpler Western alphabet for writing Japanese.