HORSETAIL

also called Scouring Rush (Equisetum species), plants of the genus Equisetum, 30 species of rushlike, conspicuously jointed, perennial herbs. Equisetum is the only living genus of the order Equisetales and the class Sphenopsida. Horsetails grow in moist, rich soils in all parts of the world except Australasia. Some species produce two kinds of shoots: those with conelike clusters (strobili) of spore capsules and those lacking such structures. Some are evergreen; others send up new shoots annually from underground rootstalks. Their hollow, jointed, ridged stems contain silicate and other minerals. The leaves are reduced to sheaths that clasp and encircle the shoots. A widespread species along stream banks and in meadows in North America and Eurasia is the common horsetail (E. arvense), about 30 centimetres (one foot) tall. The central cavity of each stem is about a quarter of its outside diameter. Fairly thick, solid branches arise from below the sheaths, circling the shoots like spokes on a wheel. Stems that bear terminal spore cones are often flesh-coloured. Wood horsetail (E. sylvaticum) grows in moist, cool woods and has many delicate branches that circle the shoots. Variegated horsetail (E. variegatum) is evergreen and has black markings on the sheaths. Dutch rushes (E. hyemale), common in moist woods and on riverbanks, reach well over a metre in height. The evergreen shoots often are used for scouring. Giant horsetail (E. praealtum) of North America and Asia, which reaches 3 1/2 metres (11 1/2 feet), also is evergreen. Each shoot has as many as 48 ridges. The giant horsetail of Europe (E. telmateia) is about the same height as Dutch rush. The tallest of all horsetails is a slender South American species (E. giganteum), which sometimes grows to 10 m (about 32 ft) in height with a diameter of about two centimetres (less than an inch) and is supported by the tall grasses or shrubs around it. Horsetails, although poisonous to livestock, are used by man in folk medicines. Some species are utilized in polishing tools because of their abrasive stems.