ISLAMABAD

capital of Pakistan, on the Potwar Plateau, 9 miles (14 km) northeast of Rawalpindi, the former interim capital. The city's site was chosen by a commission in 1959 after Karachi was found unsuitable as the capital. Construction began in 1961 with an effort to blend traditional Islamic architecture with modern patterns and requirements. Such world-renowned names in town planning and architecture as Konstantnos Doxides, Edward Durell Stone, and Gio Ponti have been associated with the city's development. It is a compact city (area 25 square miles [65 square km]), lying at elevations ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 feet (450 to 600 m). The second phase of construction ended with completion of the Secretariat, Pakistan House, President's House, National Assembly Building, Grand National Mosque, and housing for government staff. The University of Islamabad was established in 1965 and the People's Open University (later renamed the Allama Iqbal Open University) in 1974. The war with India in 1971 slowed construction temporarily. The urban area is divided into eight zones: administrative, diplomatic, residential, institutional, industrial, commercial, a greenbelt, and a national park that includes an Olympic village and gardens and dairy, poultry, and vegetable farms, as well as such institutions as the Atomic Research Institute and the National Health Centre. The name Islamabad (City of Islam, or City of Peace) was chosen to reflect the country's ideology. The planned capital area (350 square miles) is an expanse of natural terraces and meadows surrounding the city. A further 1,049 square miles of hinterland, known as the Specified Areas and subject to planning control, is roughly a trapezoid, with the Margala Hills, 3,0005,000 feet, in the north and northeast. The southern portion is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam forms a lake holding about 50,000 acre-feet (61,650,000 cubic m) of water. Pop. (1981) city, 204,364; (1983 est.) capital area, 359,000.