JASPER NATIONAL PARK

national park in western Alberta, Canada, located on the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains, north of Banff National Park. Jasper spans 4,200 square miles (10,878 square km) and contains significant active geologic processes, scenic mountains, and diverse animal and plant populations. When Jasper was first given protection status in 1907, it covered an area of some 5,000 square miles (12,950 square km). In 1930 it was declared a national park with its present size. It was designated part of UNESCO's Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage site in 1984. Jasper encompasses part of the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains, which are composed of limestone and shale. The park contains numerous glaciers and ice fields; the most significant among them is the Columbia Icefield, the largest in the Rockies. Spanning some 100 square miles (260 square km) across the Continental Divide, the ice field feeds rivers that flow to the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. Jasper's montane region contains the Athabasca and Brazeua river valleys, as well as waterfalls, lakes, canyons, and hot springs. The vegetation in the valleys includes lodgepole pine and white spruce; typical shrubs are buffaloberry and wild rose. In the snow-covered subalpine region grow Englemann spruce, subalpine fir, crowberry, grouseberry, and heather. The alpine region is characterized by sturdy species such as dwarf birch and mountain avens. Moose, wapiti (elk), mountain goats, bighorn sheep, grizzly bears, wolves, lynx, bobcats, and beavers are among the park's typical wildlife. It is also the home of hundreds of permanent and migratory bird species. With more than three million visitors each year, Jasper provides hotels, camping grounds, hiking trails, and ski slopes. There is increasing concern, however, that development around the unincorporated town of Jasper is disturbing wildlife migration patterns and destroying key habitats.