JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY

born Feb. 2, 1803, Washington, Ky., U.S. died April 6, 1862, Shiloh, Tenn. Confederate general during the American Civil War (186165); his death in the second year of the war was considered an irreparable loss by the South. An 1826 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Johnston fought in the Black Hawk War (1832) and the Mexican War (184648) and was in the bloodless expedition against the Mormons in Utah (1857). When his adopted state of Texas seceded from the Union in 1861, he resigned his commission as commander of the U.S. Pacific Department and was appointed second-ranking general in the Confederate Army by President Jefferson Davis, whom he had known at West Point. Assuming command of the Western Department in September, Johnston succeeded in raising and organizing an army to guard a long and vulnerable line from the Mississippi River to the Allegheny Mountains. His forces were no match, however, for the superior numbers of the North, which forced the Confederates to retreat from Forts Henry and Donelson, in Tennessee, and from Bowling Green, Ky., and led to the fall of Nashville, Tenn., in February 1862. Nevertheless, bitter criticism of Johnston did not affect Davis' confidence in him. Concentrating his army at Corinth, Miss., Johnston determined to attack General Ulysses S. Grant at Pittsburg Landing. His surprise assault upon the Union forces at the Battle of Shiloh (April 6 and 7) was almost successful, but he was mortally wounded in the first afternoon's fighting.