KAUTILYA

also called Canakya, or Visnugupta, Canakya also spelled Chanakya flourished 300 BC Hindu statesman and philosopher who wrote a classic treatise on polity, Arthasastra (Eng. trans., 3rd ed., 1929), a compilation of almost everything that had been written in India up to his time on artha (property, economics, or material success). He was born into the Brahmin caste and received his education at Taxila (now in Pakistan). He is known to have had a knowledge of medicine and astrology, and it is believed he was familiar with elements of Greek and Persian learning introduced into India by Zoroastrians. Some authorities believe he was a Zoroastrian or at least was strongly influenced by that religion. Kautilya became a counsellor and adviser to King Candragupta (reigned c. 321c. 297) of the Mauryan Empire of northern India but lived simply himself. He was instrumental in helping Candragupta overthrow the powerful Nanda dynasty at Pataliputra, Magadha. Kautilya's book came to be Candragupta's guide. Each of its 15 sections deals with a phase of government, which Kautilya sums up as the science of punishment. He openly advises the development of an elaborate spy system reaching into all levels of society and encourages political and secret assassination. Lost for centuries, the book was discovered in 1905. Compared by many to Machiavelli and by others to Aristotle and Plato, Kautilya is alternately condemned for his ruthlessness and trickery and praised for his sound political wisdom and knowledge of human nature. All authorities agree, however, that it was mainly because of Kautilya that the Mauryan Empire under Candragupta and later under Asoka (reigned c. 265c. 238) became a model of efficient government.