KIPLING, RUDYARD

born Dec. 30, 1865, Bombay, India died Jan. 18, 1936, London, Eng. Kipling in full Joseph Rudyard Kipling English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. Additional reading Thomas Pinney (ed.), The Letters of Rudyard Kipling (1990 ), selects from a large surviving correspondence. A substantial biography, Charles Carrington, Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work, rev. ed. (1978), is judicious and sympathetic and benefits from a thorough knowledge of Kipling's background in three continents. Further biographies include Angus Wilson, The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling (1977, reissued 1994); and Lord Birkenhead (Frederick W.F. Smith, Earl of Birkenhead), Rudyard Kipling (1978). James Harrison, Rudyard Kipling (1982), is a useful introduction to his life and works. Critical studies include J.M.S. Tompkins, The Art of Rudyard Kipling (1959, reissued 1965); Bonamy Dobre, Rudyard Kipling: Realist and Fabulist (1967); Kingsley Amis, Rudyard Kipling and His World (1975); Robert F. Moss, Rudyard Kipling and the Fiction of Adolescence (1982); B.J. Moore-Gilbert, Kipling and Orientalism (1986); Sandra Kemp, Kipling's Hidden Narratives (1988); and Helen Pike Bauer, Rudyard Kipling: A Study of the Short Fiction (1994). Collections of essays include Andrew Rutherford (ed.), Kipling's Mind and Art (1964); and Harold Orel (compiler), Critical Essays on Rudyard Kipling (1989). R. Lancelyn Green (compiler), Kipling: The Critical Heritage (1971), affords a valuable conspectus of the development of Kipling's reputation.