KUBRICK, STANLEY

born July 26, 1928, New York, N.Y., U.S. died March 7, 1999, Hertfordshire, Eng. American motion-picture director and writer whose films are characterized by a cool, formal visual style, meticulous attention to detail, and a detached, often ironic pessimism. Having become interested in photography in high school, Kubrick became a staff photographer for Look magazine at age 17. His first film, The Day of the Fight (1951), is a short documentary about the boxing world. His first feature-length film, Fear and Desire (1953), dealt with World War II. Paths of Glory (1957), a story of military injustice in the French army during World War I, brought Kubrick into prominence as a director. It was followed by films, mostly shot in England, that explored the incongruities and violence underlying modern life and reached imaginatively into the world of the future. After Spartacus (1960), a historical epic, Kubrick made Lolita (1962), based on the novel by Vladimir Nabokov; Dr. Strangelove (1964), which turned the possibility of a nuclear war into a grim joke; 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), which earned an Academy Award for special visual effects; A Clockwork Orange (1971), based on the dystopian novel by Anthony Burgess; Barry Lyndon (1975), based on William Makepeace Thackeray's novel of manners; The Shining (1980), a horror film based on the novel by Stephen King; Full Metal Jacket (1987), about the Vietnam War; and the posthumously released Eyes Wide Shut (1999).