LA VRENDRYE, PIERRE GAULTIER DE VARENNES, ET DE

born Nov. 17, 1685, Trois-Rivires, New France [now in Canada] died Dec. 5, 1749, Montreal French-Canadian soldier, fur trader, and explorer whose exploits, little honoured during his lifetime, rank him as one of the greatest explorers of the Canadian West. Moreover, the string of trading posts he and his sons built in the course of their search for an overland route to the western sea broke the monopoly of the London-based Hudson's Bay Company and strengthened, for a while, French claims in North America. La Vrendrye joined the army at the age of 12, took part in the French-Indian raid on Deerfield, Mass. (1704), and fought for France in Europe during the War of the Spanish Succession. Taken prisoner at the Battle of Malplaquet (1709), he was freed and returned to New France (Canada), where in 1726 he became a fur trader at Lake Nipigon, 35 miles (56 km) north of Lake Superior. From the Indians he heard of a great river that might lead to the Pacific and thence to the riches of the Orient. To discover the secrets of the West, he and his sons built a string of trading posts between 1731 and 1738 reaching from Rainy Lake in Ontario (Fort-Saint-Pierre) to Winnipeg (Fort-Rouge) in present Manitoba. To these convenient posts the Indians brought their furs and gave La Vrendrye crude maps of waterways they said would lead him to the western sea. In the fall of 1738 La Vrendrye reached the Mandan Indian villages on the Missouri River in present North Dakota, and in 1742 he sent two of his sons to push beyond the Missouri. It is possible that they penetrated Nebraska, Montana, and Wyoming and perhaps saw, but did not cross, the Rocky Mountains. On the return journey, they paused near present Pierre, S.D., where on March 30, 1743, they placed a lead tablet, claiming the country for France. Despite having sent some 30,000 beaver pelts to Quebec annually (most of which would normally have gone to the rival Hudson's Bay Company) and having pushed farther west than any other white man, entirely at his own expense, La Vrendrye was severely criticized by French authorities for failing to find the western sea and was blamed for the deaths of one of his sons, a nephew, and a Roman Catholic priest at the hands of hostile Indians. Old and ill, he still pressed for another chance to explore the West. Permission was finally granted, but he died before he could leave Montreal.