LAWRENCE, STRINGER

born March 6, 1697, Hereford, Herefordshire, Eng. died Jan. 10, 1775, London British army captain whose transformation of irregular troops into an effective fighting force earned him credit as the real founder of the Indian army under British rule. During 20 years of army service, Lawrence rose from ensign to captain and served at Gibraltar, in Flanders (Belg.), and at the Battle of Culloden Moor (Inverness). Joining the East India Company early in 1748, he commanded company troops at Madras. He so trained his mixed force of Europeans, topasses (Christian Indo-Portuguese), and sepoys (Indian soldiers in British employ) that by June 1748 he was able to foil a French attack on Cuddalore; he was captured by the French, however, and released after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle (1748). In the capture of Devakottai in 1749, his subordinate officer was Robert (afterward Lord) Clive, who eventually became a lifelong friend. In 1750 Lawrence resigned from service to the British government over a pay dispute. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1752, Lawrence returned to Madras and immediately relieved the town of Tiruchchirappalli (Trichinopoly). With Clive's assistance he then destroyed the French force under Jacques Law, won another victory at Bahur, and for 17 months in 175354 successfully defended Tiruchchirappalli in campaigns that frustrated French plans; in Madras in 1758 he again repulsed the French. In 1761 he was made commander in chief of all East India Company forces, with a seat on the council and a royal commission as major general. In 1766 he left India for retirement. Robert Clive, when presented a gift sword by the East India Company, refused to accept it unless a similar honour was presented to his veteran commander, Lawrence, who had been ignored. Later, Clive helped relieve Lawrence's financial straits by arranging an early pension of 500 for him.