LIANG CH'I-CH'AO

born Feb. 23, 1873, Hsinhui, Kwangtung province, China died Jan. 19, 1929, Peking Pinyin Liang Qichao the foremost intellectual leader of China in the first two decades of the 20th century. Liang was a disciple of the great scholar K'ang Yu-wei, who reinterpreted the Confucian Classics in an attempt to utilize tradition as a justification for the sweeping innovations he prescribed for Chinese culture. After China's humiliating defeat by Japan (189495), the writings of K'ang and Liang came to the attention of the emperor and helped usher in the Hundred Days of Reform. During this period (summer 1898) the emperor acted on the advice of these scholars in an attempt to renovate the imperial system. The suggested changes included setting up modern schools, remaking the 2,000-year-old civil service examination system, and reorganizing virtually every activity of the government. When the empress dowager Tz'u-hsi halted the reform movement because she felt it too inclusive, warrants were issued for the arrest of K'ang, Liang, and other reformers. Liang fled to Japan. During his exile his iconoclastic journalism affected a whole generation of young Chinese. Liang returned to China in 1912 after the establishment of the Republic of China. As a founder of the Progressive Party (Chinputang) he sided with Yan Shih-k'ai, the autocratic president of the republic, against the liberal nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen and his Nationalist Party (Kuomintang). Liang, however, organized a successful resistance to Yan's attempt to overturn the republic and have himself declared emperor. English translations of Liang's works include History of Chinese Political Thought During the Early Tsin Period (1930) and Intellectual Trends in the Ch'ing Period (1959).