MEININGEN COMPANY

German Meininger Hoftheatertruppe (Meiningen Court Theatre Troop), experimental acting group begun in 1866 and directed by George II, duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and his morganatic wife, the actress Ellen Franz. It was one of the first companies in which the importance of the director was stressed. Inspired by the English theatre, particularly by the work of actor Charles Kean, the Theatre Duke sought to create a production style that unified the conception, interpretation, and execution of dramatic works. Assisted by the actor Ludwig Chronegk, who conducted it on tour, the duke instituted many reforms, among which were an emphasis upon historical accuracy and authenticity in costumes and sets; the use of steps and platforms to keep the action moving fluidly on many different levels; the division of groups in crowd scenes into organic yet distinct vocal entities; the introduction of long, carefully planned rehearsals (anticipating Konstantin Stanislavsky's method); and the displacement of stage scenery (paintings) by settings in which the actor became a natural part of his environment. The company's first public performance was in 1874 at Berlin. In 1881 the Meiningen Company went to London, where it presented three plays by Shakespeare and a number of German and non-German classics. Thereafter, the ensemble performed in more than 35 European cities, including Moscow and Brussels. In 1890, feeling the work of the company had been done, the duke closed it. Its realistic productions profoundly affected the thinking of the Russian director Stanislavsky and the French director Andr Antoine, the two major proponents of stage realism, and provided the impetus for the further exploration and development of naturalistic theatre, which found its greatest expression and perfection in the work of the Moscow Art Theatre.