METRONOME

instrument for marking musical tempo, erroneously ascribed to the German Johann Nepomuk Maelzel (17721838) but actually invented by a Dutch competitor, Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel (c. 17761826). It consists of a pendulum swung on a pivot and actuated by a hand-wound clockwork whose escapement (a motion-controlling device) makes a ticking sound as the wheel passes a pallet. Below the pivot there is a fixed weight; above it, a sliding weight. A scale of numbers indicates how many oscillations per minute occur when the sliding weight is moved to a given point on the pendulum. Thus, the notation M.M. (Maelzel's metronome) = 60 indicates that at 60 oscillations per minute the half note will receive one beat. The conventional metronome is housed in a pyramidal case. Pocket and electric metronomes are also made. Metronomes have occasionally been used as musical instruments, e.g., by the Hungarian Gyrgy Ligeti (Pome symphonique, 1962, for 100 metronomes).