MOSHAV

( (Hebrew: settlement), ) plural Moshavim, in Israel, a type of cooperative agricultural settlement. The moshav, which is generally based on the principle of private ownership of land, avoidance of hired labour, and communal marketing, represents an intermediate stage between privately owned settlements and the complete communal living of the kibbutz. Moshavim are built on land belonging to the Jewish National Fund or to the state. The commonest type, the moshav 'ovdim (workers' settlement), consists of privately farmed agricultural plots. In a newer variant, the moshav shitufi (partnership settlement), the land is farmed as a single large holding, but contrary to practice in the kibbutz, households are independently run by their members. In the moshav shitufi, light industry, as well as farming, is common; the older moshavim 'ovdim emphasize citriculture and mixed farming. Moshavim 'ovdim were first established before World War I but did not last; the first successful settlements of this type were Nahalal and Kefar Yehezqel, founded in 1921 in the Plain of Esdraelon. The first moshavim shitufiyyim were Kefar Hittim (1936) and Bene Berit (Moledet; 1938), both in lower Galilee. In the period of large-scale immigration after the creation of Israel (1948), the moshav was found to be an ideal settlement form for the new immigrants, almost none of whom were accustomed to communal living. In the late 1970s some 136,500 persons lived in moshavim 'ovdim, and about 7,000 in moshavim shitufiyyim.