MUHAMMAD 'ALI

born 1769, Kavala, Macedonia, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece] died Aug. 2, 1849, Alexandria viceroy and pasha of Egypt (180549), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th. He encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state. Additional reading Henry Dodwell, The Founder of Modern Egypt (1931, reprinted 1977), a comprehensive survey of the reign of Muhammad 'Ali; Helen Anne B. Rivlin, The Agricultural Policy of Muhammad 'Ali in Egypt (1961), with an extensive annotated bibliography; and Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (1984), a study of Muhammad 'Ali's domestic policies.