MULBERRY

any of several distinct small to medium-sized trees valued primarily for their ornamental effects. The common mulberries, in the genus Morus (family Moraceae), are 10 species, with more or less juicy fruits, native to temperate Asia and North America. Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), of the same family, has red globular fruit and an inner bark that yields a fibre used in the Orient for papermaking and in Polynesia for the manufacture of a coarse fabric called tapa cloth. It is a tough, fast-growing tree that tolerates city conditions; it is available in several varieties (cut-leaved, white-fruited, and variegated) that find use as hardy ornamentals and in naturalized landscapes. It may also be grown in pots or in conservatories and succeeds best in a rich, deep, and somewhat moist loam. The beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), with showy violet fruits, is also called French mulberry; it is a 2-metre- (6-foot-) tall shrub in the verbena family (Verbenaceae). A true mulberry has toothed leaves and blackberry-like fruits; each fruit develops from an entire flower cluster. The red mulberry (Morus rubra) of eastern North America is the largest of the genus, often reaching a height of 70 ft. It has two-lobed, three-lobed, or unlobed leaves and dark-purple, edible fruits. White mulberry (M. alba), native to Asia but long cultivated in southern Europe, is so called because of the white fruits it bears; its leaves are used as food for silkworms. It is naturalized in eastern North America. Several useful varieties of the white mulberry are the cold-resistant Russian mulberry (M. alba tatarica), introduced into western North America for shelterbelts and local timber use; and fruitless sorts such as Stribling or maple leaf. The weeping mulberry, M. alba Pendula,' is frequently used as a lawn tree. The black mulberry (M. nigra), the most common species, is a native of western Asia that spread westward in cultivation at an early period. Up to the 15th century it was extensively grown in Italy for raising silkworms, but it has since been superseded by M. alba. Now an introduced species in North America, it is mainly cultivated for its large, juicy, purple-black fruits, which are superior in flavour to those of M. rubra.