NUCLEAR CERAMICS

ceramic materials employed in the generation of nuclear power and in the disposal of radioactive nuclear wastes. In their nuclear-related functions, ceramics are of major importance. Since the beginning of nuclear power generation, oxide ceramics, based on the fissionable metals uranium and plutonium, have been made into highly reliable fuel pellets for both water-cooled and liquid-metal-cooled reactors. Ceramics also can be employed to immobilize and store nuclear wastes. Although vitrification (glass formation) is a favoured approach for waste disposal, wastes can be processed with other ceramics into a synthetic rock, or synroc, or they can be mixed with cement powder to make hardened cements. All these nuclear applications are extremely demanding. In addition to severe thermal and chemical driving forces, nuclear ceramics are continuously subjected to high radiation doses. This article describes properties and applications of ceramics as nuclear fuels and as waste-disposal materials. For discussion of the employment of glassy and metallic materials in nuclear waste disposal, see materials science: Materials for energy. For the production of metallic uranium and plutonium and their conversion to oxide form, see uranium processing. For detailed description of nuclear reactors and the nuclear fuel cycle, see nuclear reactor. Additional reading Specific information on nuclear ceramics is provided by two articles in R.J. Brook, Robert W. Cahn, and Michael B. Bever (eds.), Concise Encyclopedia of Advanced Ceramic Material (1991): R.D. Leggett, Oxide Nuclear Fuels, pp. 33740; and K.D. Reeve, Nuclear Waste Storage Materials, pp. 33135. The section titled Structural Applications for Technical, Engineering, and Advanced Ceramics, in Theodore J. Reinhart (ed.), Engineered Materials Handbook, vol. 4, Ceramics and Glasses, ed. by Samuel J. Schneider (1991), pp. 9591014, presents an overview of advanced structural ceramics. Thomas O. Mason