OFFENBACH, JACQUES

born June 20, 1819, Cologne died Oct. 5, 1880, Paris original name Jacob Offenbach composer who created a type of light burlesque French comic opera known as the oprette, which became one of the most characteristic artistic products of the period. He was the son of a cantor at the Cologne Synagogue, Isaac Juda Eberst, who had been born at Offenbach am Main. The father was known as Der Offenbacher, and the composer was known only by his assumed name, Offenbach. Attracted by the more tolerant attitude in Paris to the Jews, Offenbach's father took him there in his youth, and in 1833 he was enrolled as a cello student at the Paris Conservatoire. In 1844, having been converted to Catholicism, he married Herminie d'Alcain, the daughter of a Spanish Carlist. In 1849, after playing the cello in the orchestra of the Opra-Comique, he became conductor at the Thtre Franais. In 1855 he opened a theatre of his own, the Bouffes-Parisiens, which he directed until 1866 and where he gave many of his celebrated operettas, among them Orphe aux enfers (1858; Orpheus in the Underworld). He then produced operettas at Ems in Germany and an opra-ballet in Vienna, Die Rheinnixen (1864; Rhine Spirits). Returning in 1864 to Paris, he produced at the Varits his successful operetta La Belle Hlne (1864). Other successes followed, including La Vie Parisienne (1866), La Grande-Duchesse de Grolstein (1867), and La Prichole (1868). From 1872 to 1876 he directed the Thtre de la Gat, and in 1874 he produced there a revised version of Orphe aux enfers. Described then as an opra-ferique (a fairy-like opera), this venture was a financial failure. In 1876 he made a tour of the United States. The remaining years of his life were devoted to composition. His only grand opera, Les Contes d'Hoffmann (The Tales of Hoffmann), remained unfinished at his death. It was orchestrated and provided with recitatives by Ernest Guiraud, who also introduced the famous barcarole taken from Die Rheinnixen. Described as an opra-fantastique, it was first produced at the Opra-Comique on Feb. 10, 1881. Gat Parisienne, a suite of Offenbach's music arranged by Manuel Rosenthal, remains a popular orchestral work as well as ballet score. Offenbach is credited with writing in a fluent, elegant style and with a highly developed sense of both characterization and satire (particularly in his irreverent treatment of mythological subjects); he was called by Rossini our little Mozart of the Champs-Elyses. Indeed, he was almost as prolific as Mozart. He wrote more than 100 stage works, many of which, transcending topical associations, were maintained in the repertory of the 20th century.