PARAMOUNT PICTURES CORPORATION

one of the first and most successful of the Hollywood motion-picture studios. Paramount Pictures Corp. was established in 1914 by W.W. Hodkinson as a film distributor, offering Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Film Company, the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, and other producers an outlet for their movies. In 1916 Zukor and Lasky merged their companies to form the Famous PlayersLasky Corporation and acquired Paramount to distribute their films. The new company, which continued to use the name Paramount as well, quickly rose to prominence by featuring such popular stars as Mary Pickford, Fatty Arbuckle, Gloria Swanson, Clara Bow, and Rudolph Valentino. Its early hits included the first big western, The Covered Wagon (1923), and The Ten Commandments (1923), a biblical epic directed by Cecil B. DeMille. In the late 1920s and '30s the studio added to its roster such stars as Claudette Colbert, Carole Lombard, Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Gary Cooper, Maurice Chevalier, W.C. Fields, and Bing Crosby and such directors as Ernst Lubitsch, Josef von Sternberg, and Rouben Mamoulian. Although it continued to produce films that were artistically and financially successful, it suffered losses from its chain of theatres during the transition to sound, and Paramount was declared bankrupt in 1933. It was reorganized two years later as Paramount Pictures, Inc., and was soon profitable again. Among the studio's successes from the 1940s and '50s were the satirical comedies of writer-director Preston Sturges (e.g., The Lady Eve ), Going My Way (1944), the cynical dramas and comedies of writer-director Billy Wilder (Double Indemnity , Sunset Boulevard ), the road comedies of Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, and Dorothy Lamour (Road to Zanzibar , Road to Rio ), Shane (1953), Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window (1954), and DeMille's remake of The Ten Commandments (1956). The company merged with Joseph E. Levine, Inc., in the 1960s. In 1966 Gulf + Western Industries took control of the corporation. Paramount Pictures became a key element in the restructuring of Gulf + Western from a diverse conglomerate into one focusing on media and communicationsa transformation reflected when Gulf + Western changed its name to Paramount Communications Inc. in 1989. Films of this period include Love Story (1970), The Godfather (1972) and its sequels, Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and its sequels, and Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and its sequels. In 1994 Paramount Communications was acquired by Viacom Inc.