PASTRONE, GIOVANNI

born Sept. 11, 1883, Montechiaro d'Asti, Italy died June 27, 1959, Turin pioneer Italian motion picture director and producer. As a teenager Pastrone demonstrated a temperament both practical and creative, combining his studies in accounting with the study of the cello. He constructed several musical instruments by hand, and, though his passion for music eventually waned, his experience in making instruments honed within him a perfectionist streak that was to characterize his later work in film. In 1909 Pastrone assumed the leadership of the newly formed Itala Film Company. Though primarily a producer during his early years with the company, Pastrone personally directed the films Il conte Ugolino (1909; Ugolino the Count), Agneses Visconti (1909), a lost film, and La caduta di Troia (1912; The Fall of Troy). He also invented technical equipment for the film industry, wrote screenplays, and established a circuit of movie theatres for the distribution of his films. In 1912 he invented and patented the carrello (carriage), a special mobile camera stand that became an industry standard. In the same year he conceived a colossal film designed to revolutionize moviemaking, a goal he realized with Cabiria in 1914. For the subtitles alone he hired the leading Italian writer, Gabriele D'Annunzio. The film was attributed to D'Annunzio, and the name of the director, for promotional purposes, remained unknown for many years. Cabiria was enormously successful throughout the world and was a major influence on the American director D.W. Griffith for his epic films The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916). Besides the carriage, Pastrone introduced many other innovations in the making of Cabiria; these include diffused light, parallel sequences, panoramas, grandiose sets, and miniature models. After this success he directed the first entries in a popular series of films that starred Maciste, the good giant of Cabiria, who was portrayed for many years by ex-dockworker Bartolomeo Pagano. During this period, under the pseudonym Piero Foscogiven to him by D'AnnunzioPastrone directed other films notable for their technique: Il fuoco (1915; The Fire); Tigre reale (1916; Royal Tiger), based on a story by Giovanni Verga; and Hedda Gabler (1919), based on the play by Henrik Ibsen. In 1919, when Itala Film was absorbed by another company, Pastrone lost much of his artistic freedom. After having begun two new epic filmsNotre Dame de Paris and Riccardo Cuor di Leone (Richard the Lionhearted)he was forced by bureaucratic difficulties to abandon them. In 1923 he directed Povere bimbe (Poor Little Girls) and then left motion pictures altogether. He refused numerous offers of work and did not return to the film industry until 1931, when he supervised the recording of a partial sound track for his silent masterpiece, Cabiria. Only then was the film officially recognized as his.